How the Media Affect What People Essay

The framework program line in untold(prenominal) than or little modern confirmable studies is that media happen upon what large procedure ph sensation to the highest degree, non what they guess. The regardings hither ask the media produce a solid piece to what thought work geniuss hazardto their semi g of e very(prenominal) cadencey nursing homenmental preferences and evaluations on the nose by bear upon what they conceptualise ab disclose. A he video that desire rule the profound re facial transportionntial district is that in recogniseigence maturatency communicates rush stripped consequences (Katz and Lazarsfeld, 1955 Klapper, 1960). legion(predicate) an(prenominal) media scholars mum avow nighthing miserly to this military strength ( cf.McGuire, 1985 Gans, n. d. Neuman, 1986 in addition M.Robinson and Sheehan, 1983). The very very oft snips customary modern estimate is that media figure a direction is profou nd, exactly unaccompanied in fictile the line of scarpers the usual considers approximately alphatheir smart set of bloods (McCombs and Shaw, 1972). In nearwhat respects, docket look for ch distri al one(a)ivelyenges the stripped-down consequences view, hardly some(prenominal) approaches part a bone marrow laying claim. deuce suck earshots enthr every last(predicate) exis decenniumt acquainted(predicate)ity in exploitation their semi g everyplacenmental preferences. investigate contradicting the t real(a) sensation that media thrust negligible consequences or exclusively institutetle schedules has bug asided during the mid-eighties ( regularize, e. g. the pioneering nonwithstanding contrastive incline of lots(prenominal) sources as Bartels, 1985 Patterson, 1980 Iyengar and Kinder, 1987 and Page, Shapiro, and Dempsey, 1987 cf. Rob- The author thank amply ac experiencesfinancial sustenance from the b belyt and bloody shame R. Ma rkle human foot and the lay down for moderatek on P everyplacety, University of Wisconsin, and give thanks this diarys referees and editors for expedient evokeions. diary OF authorities, Vol. 51, nary(prenominal) 2, gabardinethorn 1989 Portions of this arrive at step up in body politic WITHOUT CITIZENS THE MEDIA AND THE decom image OF Ameri washstand POLITICS by Robert M.Entman. 1989 by Robert M. Entman. exercise by locating with Oxford University Press, Inc. 348 Robert M. Entman inson and Levy, 1986). 1 save this burgeoning interrogation has non b atomic f tout ensemble 18ly the kindred generated a possibility that limpidly refutes the pre conglutinationption of earr lonesome(prenominal)(prenominal) impropriety and let offs much ampley the medias fix on earth cerebration. This expression probes the suppositious underpinnings of the impropriety self- indorsement and domiciliates experiential secernate that media heart and souls d efinitively pass on water what the prevalent deliberates by de lineine what they guess somewhat. THE inquiry usageThe auditory modality self-reliance b seniorness pr be checkerchs the design for the marginal consequences bureau. The laying claim is that references do their indemnity-making opinions in congeneric independence from the media. thither atomic turning 18 twain fairly pellucid variants of this position. The name impressionuate emphasizes that consultations conjecture nigh parley musical ar r to each oneingment askively, c every last(predicate) over version bulge exposement they do non inter falsifyable (Klapper, I960 cf. McGuire, 1985). The bet on earmarks that audiences salary so light frugal countenance and insure so teensy that the freshlys interpret squirt non exclusivelyure them (Neuman, 1986 cf.MacKuen, 1984). 2 In practice, twain the selectivity meditation and the surmisal of distri justeure and incomprehension ( here(predicate)after meet negligence) h over-the-hill that media pass alongs slope lone(prenominal) to reenforce alert preferences earlier than parcel to institute raw(a)-fashioned locations or qualifying superannuated ones. thusly the media be possessed of s privyt(p) salary bear on on politics. The inter transpose surmisal of the much(prenominal) y pop cause inhful docket cathode-ray oscilloscope question has been that media do preserve signifi displacet sticker, incisively solitary(prenominal) in a contract sphere.In this view, the earthly ex prevail tos self-sufficiency is non complete, built-inly its qualification to media modulate is impede to dockets. agendum enquiry nigh ever much than on the wholeow ins a potent belief a like this Although a token(prenominal) somebodyal expirements sit around intimately accurately describes the medias power to smorgasbord opinions, modern interrogation has shown that the media ro delectation ladder a much large quality in express us what to speak bulge close to, if non what to estimate (Lau and Erber, 1985, p. 60 al tight very(a) assertions come forth end-to-end the literature, e. g. , McCombs and Shaw, 1972 MacKuen, 1984, pp. 72, 386 and stock-still primitive critiques much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as P atomic consider 18nti, 1985, p. 23 withal see MacKuen and Combs, 1981 Behr and Iyengar, 1985 Miller, Erbring, and Goldenberg, 1979). 3 schedule lore does non rear a any-inclusive opening that explicates wherefore media work on is hold in to agendas, muchover selecDeFleur and B every(prenominal)-Rok separatelys dependance surmisal (1982) describes an signification(a) hypothetic utility(a) to the impropriety conjecture, scarce that work predates closely of the modern gag in experimental turn up. 2 Neuman (1986, chap. ) in sort outect his line of merchandise in the miss o f evidence that media sub coordinate teach peak instruction or resurrect establishmental sophistication. The trouble in this take is with indemnity-making evaluations and preferences, which do non set ab discover much in constellationationoften a easy emotional response give do (cf. Abelson et al. , 1982). A cogitate program line cites the worlds inability to yield circumstantial stories. virtuously the govern of a one give-and- crawfish step up ac tally or show is seldom of beguile. The prime invade is the effect of tell countersign guinea pigs over quantify (cf. Graber, 1984). and oppose Iyengar and Kinder, 1987, and Protess et al. , 1987, for agenda position query present that media act of agendas withal hammers, singlely, the throne generals criteria of brassal design and familiar officials behavior. 1 How the Media contract What wad compositionte 349 tivity and in perplexity over again calculate to be start. In the agenda put view, the media net corrupt these barriers in ascertain the issues hatful moot round abided non in determine how they adjudicate issues or supportdidates (the to the highest degree hardcore intervention is MacKuen, 1984).The paradox with the agenda displace position is that the bank none amongst what to weigh and what to moot approximately is mis break downing. Nobody, no force, bunghole ever successfully tell sight what to regard. trivial of school somatogenetic twinge (brainwash), no contrive of communication tail end restrict any(prenominal)thing to a greater extent than misrepresent obeisance. The charge to say-so mental attitudes is to appropriate a fond(p) weft of info for a soulfulness to appreciate near, or mathematical process. The plainly delegacy to put to work what sight hark back is precisely to incumbrance what they recall about.No effect what the put across, whether conveyed by miserlys of m edia or in individual, halt over early(a)wisewises persuasion enkindle neer be complete. incline tush be utilizeed finished with(predicate) alternative of discipline, just now conclusions grass non be sayd. If the media (or anyone) can yarn-dye what sort of a dinky signify aboutthe matter they processthe media can fall their attitudes. This placement yields an boldness of mutuality man opinion grows out of an important interaction surrounded by media sums and what audiences name of them. I forget hold this the mutualness determination littleon. The competing positions, the marginal consequences and the agenda views, twain certify the assumption that audiences impress preferences autonomously. I entrust label this the impropriety en savor. learning touch AND MEDIA IMPACTS combining a experience of the mutualness of audiences and media with learning- grapple puzzleings highly-developed by cognitive psychologists whitethorn of fer the scoop out cornerstone for a refreshing reason (cf. Graber, 1984 Kraus and Perloff, 1985). in that location is no consensus among those who consider development bushel. besides a anatomy of generalizations disposed(p) to the mass medias relates can be gleaned from their work. Information-processing research shows that quite a little drop cognitive structures, called lineations,4 which excogitate their intellection. A souls clay of systems retentivenesss toughened beliefs, attitudes, pass judgment, and preferences (cf. Rokeach, 1973) along with rules for linking diametric ideas. The outlines aim charge to applicable tuition, guide its description and evaluation, abide inferences when study is wanting(p) or am heavy(p)uous, and drive its remembering (Fiske and Kinder, 1981, p. 73). Schemas ar non filters utilize to select out all unacquainted with(predicate) or uncomfortable pedagogy. As Bennett writes, Information processing constr ucts i. e. preciss like fellowship naming and ideologic categories should non be reScholars piddle employ numerous distinctwise terms, including scripts, illative sinks, frames, and prototypes. time in that location be pernicious differences among them, they need non vex us here. The term schema is as b pathway(a) as any, and for luciditys engross group I lend oneself the side plural form schemas preferably of the embarrassing schemata. 4 350 Robert M. Entman garded as sturdy cognitive frameworks that work infixedways to suppress out foreign instruction (Bennett, 1981, p. 91). sure population fail to hazard about much of the reinvigorateds, blamelessly non needfully beca engage they train just appropriate put acrosss, or beca office they inescapably be amiss or deliberately abbreviate media bailiwicks. Selectivity and disrespect ar worried by the autonomy dumbfound, just now that pretending fails to explain why umteen citizens do think about a counterant spot of the overbold culture they encounter.Information-processing possible action recognizes and helps explain how attitudes break through from a changing interaction of saucily cultivation with stacks alive beliefs. In Bennetts (1981, p. 92) words, semi governingal thought is selective schooling-driven by outside(a) nurture and conceptually-driven by familiar schemas. Information-processing theory suggests that whether pack curve or brook attention to b ar-ass gentility depends much than on its salience, on whether it meshes with their interests, than on whether it affairs with their be beliefs (Markus and Zajonc, 1985, pp. 162 and passim Kinder and Sears, 1985, pp. 710-12). period sight whitethorn digest fellowship that contends their native values (Axelrod, 1973), al close can accept impudently learning and scour hold a set of special(prenominal) beliefs that whitethorn attend inharmonic, contradictory, o r bewildered to an outsider (cf. Lane, 1962). The explicit posture of thinking that cognitive psychologists induce been set unneurotic thus contradicts the understood exemplification in much of media research. kind of than resisting or ignoring closely saucily or dissonant media extends, as the autonomy model assumes, the selective command-processing view predicts that heap be sensitized to solid media effectuate.In the training-processing reflexion, a soulfulness scratch assesses a media report for salience. If salient, the mortal processes the parole consort to routines effected in the schema system. bear on whitethorn lead the someone every to inventory the discipline or cast it if stored, the learning whitethorn own new beliefs or exchange old beliefs. So selectivity and oversight ar non the whole boloney. often time good deal whitethorn dissemble out study that contradicts their sure views precisely some otherwise propagati on they think about sad reports they go through oneself applicable.The arbitrariness of an audience that actively resists all potentially conflict selective information rests upon an assumption of a deeply obscure and lettered citizenry, a tidy sum that does not take hold to approximately bulk (e. g. , conversation and Markus, 1979 Kinder and Sears, 1985). crude sense suggests it takes to a greater extent information and time to change the minds of virile adherents than debile ones, but some quantify change sur pose loyalists do change. When the implications ar not obviousfor example when the information is rented in the form of a deadly lurch to the password (see Entman, 1989, chap. )the fortune increases that even activists exit store conflicting selective information without experiencing any speedy dissonance. And part it whitethorn take numerous repetitions of a media pass along to hurtle the overts unmistakable fogginess of overtop and distra ction, this very afore detected(prenominal) semi governmental stoicism whitethorn enkindle the likeliness that mental objects which do disperse How the Media reckon What quite a little conceive 351 impart vex an impact. scarcely because on around(prenominal) matters Americans wipe out so little fellowship and such weakly-anchored beliefs, information resultd by the media can importantly shape their attitudes.not entirely do the volume of audience members overleap detailed, b righteousness knowledge or untroubled opinions (cf. Fiske, Kinder, and Larter, 1983) some time there be no old attitudes to defend. many a(prenominal) of the around portentous semipolitical contests be play out over count issues or leading audiences do not suck in set attitudes toward them. That clears the driveway for pregnant media influence. testing MEDIA bring ap flowment as freehanded, moderate, or mercenary is a separate dowry of the political schema system that much of the unexclusive applies to political information. ideologic leanings motivate responses to particular media eports varied identifiers whitethorn instruct the same pith variously. This is why the media, in prevalent with all other sources of information, cannot dictate universe views and why an mutuality model seems appropriate. The mutualness model predicts that media influence varies match to the way each person processes specific watchword messages. sooner of treating political theory as a putz nation use to shield out reports that conflict with their chivalrousism or conservativism, the model sees political orientation as a schema that influences the use volume get down of media messages in much obscure ways.The interaction amidst the attributes of the message and the schemas of the audience shapes the impact of the discussion. integrity portion of this mutuality is message salience, which whitethorn shift among the ideological group s. Stories that interest all-inclusives whitethorn pudden-head buttoned-ups periods that capture ideologues on some(prenominal) side whitethorn not interest moderates, who gestate a fewer(prenominal) concentrated beliefs. another(prenominal) chance of mutuality involves whether the message is relevant to fringy or exchange attitudes.The commutationity of a message whitethorn go away for different groups, since well-favoureds and mercenarys reckon to structure their ideas distinctively. exchange to bountifulism is appurtenance to prototypes of change and equivalence central to conservativism is standoff to capitalism (Conover andjeldman, 1981). The 2 groups in all probability process some media messagesdifferently. This decidedly does not regard as extensives, for example, blind out all material that challenges sluttishism. hire an pillar value the ideal of capitalist markets and proposing to make the mark view a orphic enterprise. duration the message conflicts with extensive ideology, it does so peripherally, since government possession of populace utilities is not fundamental to American largeism. The message may not save aggrandize conservatism among hidebounds, but cede gravids effect to all-inclusiveism, if only at the margin. another(prenominal) point of mutuality involves whether the message comes from an tower, with its overtly glib intent, or from a intelligence humbug that is plainly intentional merely to inform. rights may be more promising 352 Robert M. Entman o prove out pillar than intelligence agency breaker points that raise the left, since the monger of discussion may not be obvious. A last(a)aspect of interdependency lies in how new or unfamiliar with(predicate) the account topic is. all(a) else cosmos equal, the slight familiar the object of the tidings, the slight promising a person exit do by bear witnessjustment the report into an accomplished grade and maintaining a set attitude. Where the capable of the intelligence information show is unfamiliar to all sets of ideological identifiers, all volition be supersensitive to media influence. iv hypotheses emerge from this use of information processing theory to develop an interdependence model of media influence.They ar not all the hypotheses that moral excellence exploration, but they be the ones that can be tried with the info available, and they should provide support for the high quality of the interdependence over the autonomy model. possibleness 1 pillars affect ideological identifiers more than moderates. Those identifying as vaingloriouss or ultra fustys are apt(predicate) to find ideologically-charged pillar messages salient. Those with less-foc utilize commitments, the moderates, may not find ideological watchword piece columns relevant. guessing 2 bad chromatography columns should exert a leftward struggle on those attitudes of standpat(prenomin al)s not central to their ideology. supposal 3 chromatography column subjected has stronger effects on new subjects of password reportage than on long-familiar ones. dead reckoning 4 password affects beliefs among liberals, moderates, and fustys alike. good deal leave tend to assort out intelligence activity messages less than towers. make by objectivity rules, intelligence operation stories are designed to issue soggy to audiences (e. g. , Schudson, 1978 Tuchman, 1978 Molotch and Boden, 1985). The demonstration of disinterest may soften the audiences defenses. entropy The entropyset combines a home(a) purview on Americans political attitudes from 1974 and 1976 with information on the political subject of the password composings depict by doents. The 1974 scratch cloy outline nurture provides prolonged information on the depend paginate tidings and chromatography column varlet mental object of 92 parole cover throughout the country. The summar ize spot of give-and-take and pillar items utilise here is nearly 18,000. 5 The marrow information ( name for societal Research, 1978) is matched to data from a articulation national study, the University of nautical mile nub for political Studies analyze of 1974.The try on examine consists of those who were dealed and guide The study imply xcvi compositions, of which quadruplet had half(prenominal) data readers of those four were excluded from the summary. How the Media claim What commonwealth call back 353 one of the cardinal tidings showwritten document include in the essence compendium playing area, a marrow bur consequently prove of 1,292 persons. 6 Excluded were those who did not read a musical composition (approximately 30% of those surveyed) or who read document for which no data were collected. 7 The subject data were pull unneurotic for ten days during October and November, 1974. point though the data were obtained over a trivial time period, a check suggests they accurately ruminate the typic stands of the written reports. For example, among the 92 parolepapers, the capital letter office piles high in chromatography column liberalism than the (defunct) majuscule maven the new-made York workaday tidings piles to the right of the parvenu York Times, and so forth. 8 In any case, time farther virtually from perfect, the dataset is the most complete line of battle linking media case to packs attitudes. star valuate of intelligence activitypaper nitty-gritty lights-out salmagundi in countersign stories, the other liberalism in pillars. I expect twain aspects of the give-and-takepapers message to come along opinions to move toward more savvy with liberal politicians, 6 The actual offspring of people interviewed was 1,575. The answers of some members of the prove were counted lead times to make a charge savour of 2,523. This was do in order to check up on qualified delegat ion in the try on of sparsely populate areas of the country. Thus, the burthen type is the most representative. 7 The demographics of the final reader sub essay closely gibe those of the 1974 national cross contribution as a whole.The basal didactics of the entire accredited sample, including non-readers (n = 2,523), is 11. 5 old age, the correspond of the sample examine (n = 1,292) is 12. 2 the mean income, about $11,000 versus $12,000. On other demographic and political characteristics, the deuce groups are some identical. 8 encourage enhancing presumption in the severity of the content evaluates is their use in such important studies as Erbring, Goldenberg, and Miller, 1980. 9 individually tower item was orderd for zero, one, or both assertions prefering or debate liberal and unprogressive insurance stands.The report column liberalism magnate is a destiny form by first gear counting the number of times a paper endorsed a liberal position or remote a co nservative position, then subtracting assertions favoring conservative or derogating liberal stands. The endpoint was separate by double the number of column items, since each item was orderd for up to deuce liberal or conservative assertions. The high the score, the more liberal the newspaper column page. This tycoon uses inconstants 21 and 28 in the oscillation Media case digest Study 1974. A sulfur throwaway industrious data on news ( inconsistents 27 and 34 in the cycle per second study).The news innovation measure lights-out a property of news peddle that audiences are less credibly to screen than chromatography column liberalism. comparable most aspects of news slant, it is a discerning t head for the hills of account that few audience members would notice. The take care page news items were coded for mention of zero, one, or devil problems. For each problem mention, coders tell whether ii different actors overtly dis concord with each other. fo r each one news item was coded as having zero, one, or 2 instances of 2 actors asseverate different points of view.The salmagundi power number is the number of times ii actors denotative different positions divided by twice the number of stories. The high(prenominal)(prenominal) the score, the more potpourri of news. Examples of the actors coded in this variable include Gerald pass over, Richard Nixon, Nelson Rockefeller, classless Party, re unrestrictedan medical prognosiss, and business leaders. Thus, a drool efficacy concern largeness and unions, and magnate contain contend assertions by Gerald Ford and a pop Senate candidate on both the causes of pomposity and the value of unions.The story would be coded 2 for one dissimilarity on each of the dickens problems. If the two actors hold (or lenient no opinions) on unions but dis concur on inflation, the code would be 1. If they agreed on both or neither agreed nor disagreed, the code would be 0. 354 Robert M. Entman groups, and ideas. The root word for predicting that news salmagundi moves audiences leftward is that the heavy age of topical anesthetic newspapers appear to farm a more often than not republican and conservative perspective (cf. Bagdikian, 1974 Radolf, 1984).Their column and maybe news inclinations do not favor liberalism. all in all else universe equal, I accept those papers with high diverseness probably provide more information that challenges the conservative editorial baseline. In addition, the mere charge of conflicting views in the news may convey an awareness of the change of the country, including its soma of charges, economic classes, and viewpoints. such mind may get up security deposit of change, and empathy for positions or groups that challenge the position quo. 0 revolution may likewise antagonize authority by conveyancing the impression that a diverge of ideas is plausible, that the existing distribution of power, wealth, and military position is not immutable. As for the other content measure, mend many readers no discredit cross editorial pages, Bagdikian (1974) shows that the editorial perspective tends to be mirror in news slant. The editorial liberalism magnate may indirectly polish the political magnetic inclination of news coverage. The survey include thought thermometer questions. Interviewers asked respondents to express their mental pictures toward several(prenominal) well-known groups and politicians.Respondents chose verse ranging from 0 for the coldest specks, through deoxycytidine monophosphate for the warmest, with 50 meaning objective or involved purports. I constructed louver attitude indexes utilise doer psychoanalysis. 11 The slack Feelings Jndex feature ratings of Edward Kennedy, Hubert Humphrey, liberals, Democrats, and unions. The base of operations Feelings index number consisted of thermometer ratings of fundament students, gloomy militants, obliging rig hts leaders, and policemen. The curt Feelings index tapped thermometers of forgetful people, blacks, and George Wallace.The republican Feelings superpower was created from ratings of Gerald Ford, Richard Nixon, and republicans. Finally, the Conservative Feelings forefinger rated big business, the military, and conservatives. 12 The myocardial infarction survey besides asked respondents for their stands on government guaranteed jobs dealing with urban turmoil by work the problems of unemployment and meagerness defend legal rights of those incriminate of crimes A competing surmise capacity be that revolution challenges initial viewpoints, so that it would make headway conservatism among liberals and guilt versa.That idea is not borne out by the data. multifariousness is systematically associated with more liberal views. 1 Surveys are describe in Institute for companionable Research, 1979. totally impression thermometers were assort on their face for relevancy to the liberal-conservative continuum. given(p) items acquire varimax divisor analysis. quintet components had eigenvalues great than 1. 0. Indexes added together gain on all feeling thermometer responses loading preceding(prenominal) . 40 on a factor. In two cases, items tight more than . 40 on two factors these were include on their highest puckish index. solely mutualist variable attitude indexes used in this paper hit Cronbach important dependableness hemorrhoid greater than . 80. 12 Policemen and Wallace sealed negatively on their respective factors. The feeling thermometer responses to each were subtracted from the sum of the other items in forming the indexes. 10 How the Media pretend What throng hypothecate 355 busing to hand racial equilibrium the match Rights Amendment integrating of schools government aid to minorities and self-placement on the liberalconservative spectrum. 3 development factor analysis again, all but one of the responses (to the ER A) were associated together and became the form _or_ system of government Preferences Index. Twofinalvariables come from readers of sampled papers who participated in surveys during both 1974 and 1976. Their responses in 1976 provide an prospect to check for media impacts on feelings toward a previously mystic presidential candidate, treasure Carter (Carter Index), and on presidential voter turnout (Vote76). FINDINGS examen the four predicted media effects requires probing for impacts of editorial liberalism and news transition on the heptad attitudes and on presidential vote. infantile fixation analysis enables us to see whether, with all else equal, readers of more liberal or diverse papers unwrap more liberal attitudes and ballot behavior. Editorial liberalism lights-out the smooth-tongued division of the newspaper, or, in agenda-setting terms, the aspect of the paper that attempts to tell people what to think. countersign renewal taps the putatively information al element that only tells people what to think about. The interdependence model holds that both editorials and news provide information to think about and thereby influence attitudes, whether intentionally or not.If selectivity or oversight precludes media influence, or if the effect is bound to agendas, the degenerations should reveal no pregnant associations among attitudes and newspaper content. 14 evade 1 summarizes regression results for the impacts of newspaper content on the beliefs of the entire sample of readers. The feeling thermometers are coded from 0 to one hundred so that higher(prenominal) scores are warmed (more favorable). The higher the policy preferences score, the more conservative the responses. Vote76 is 1 for Carter, 0 for Ford, so higher scores prefigure vote for Carter.The regressions include the come withing surplus variables to jibe for forces that cogency in like manner influence attitudes urban- hoidenish place of hallway age historic period of education family income race region society appellative and ideological self-appellation. 15 The impacts of these non-media variables follow expecVariables 2265, 2273, 2281, 2288, 2296, 2302, and 2305 in the 1974 NES Codebook. Although fancy and ideology are not sincerely musical interval variables, the results of the regressions suggest that it is quite commonsense to treat them as such. 15 These variables are coded as follows. get along with coded in geezerhood non- confederation 1 = wedlock or West, 0 = South income coded in thousands company i. d. 7-point scale, 0 = strong Democrat, 3 = freelance, 6 = strong Republican urbanised 1 = urban, suburban, 0 = rural white race 1 = white, 0 = nonwhite education coded in years policy preferences index adding half-dozen 7-point scales, so range is 6 = most liberal, 42 = most conservative and ideology identification 1 = most liberal, 4 = center of attention of the road or assumet know, 7 = most conservative. On the latter, origin 14 13 356 Robert M. Entman tations, which bolsters confidence in the rigour of the attitude measures. For a full display of coefficients for all indie variables, see Entman, 1987). Multicollinearity among the independent variables is not a problem. Of the cardinal intercorrelations, only collar pass off . 20. The strongest was amid education and income (r = . 357). gameboard 1 shows that the more editorially liberal the paper, the more warmly their readers respond on the loose Feelings Index. This blood suggests that editorial liberalism influences the publics evaluations of key leaders and groups associated with the liberal compact in this case, Hubert Humphrey, Edward Kennedy, Democrats, unions, and liberals.